Yini i-DHA?

I-DHA i-docosahexaenoic acid, eyingxenye ye-omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Umfanekiso 1). Kungani ibizwa nge-OMEGA-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid? Okokuqala, iketango layo le-acid enamafutha linezibopho eziphindwe kabili ezingagcwalisiwe eziyisi-6; okwesibili, i-OMEGA wuhlamvu lwama-24 nolokugcina lwesiGreki. Njengoba i-double bond yokugcina engagcwalisiwe ku-fatty acid chain itholakala ku-athomu ye-carbon yesithathu ukusuka ekugcineni kwe-methyl, ibizwa ngokuthi i-OMEGA-3, iyenza i-OMEGA-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid.

Dukukhishwa kanye nendlela ye-DHA

Ngaphezu kwengxenye yesisindo sesiqu sobuchopho i-lipid, ecebile ku-OMEGA-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, ne-DHA ethatha u-90% we-OMEGA-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids kanye no-10-20% wawo wonke ama-lipids obuchopho. I-EPA (i-eicosapentaenoic acid) ne-ALA (i-alpha-linolenic acid) akha ingxenye encane kuphela. I-DHA iyingxenye eyinhloko yezinhlaka ezihlukahlukene ze-membrane lipid, njenge-neuronal synapses, i-endoplasmic reticulum, ne-mitochondria. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-DHA ihileleke ekudlulisweni kwesignali ye-membrane-mediated, ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo, ukulungiswa kwe-neural oxidative, ngaleyo ndlela kuxhumanisa ukuthuthukiswa kobuchopho nokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ubuchopho, ukudluliselwa kwe-neural, inkumbulo, ukuqonda, njll. (Weiser et al., 2016 Nutrients).

Amaseli e-photoreceptor engxenyeni ye-photosensitive ye-retina anothe ngamafutha e-polyunsaturated, ane-DHA ebalwa ngaphezu kuka-50% wama-polyunsaturated fatty acids (Yeboah et al., 2021 Journal of Lipid Research; Calder, 2016 Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism). I-DHA iyingxenye eyinhloko yama-acids amakhulu angagcwele unsaturated kumaseli e-photoreceptor, ebamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwalawa maseli, kanye nokulamula ukudluliselwa kwesignali ebonakalayo kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusinda kwamangqamuzana ekuphenduleni ingcindezi ye-oxidative (Swinkels and Baes 2023 Pharmacology & Therapeutics).

I-DHA kanye Nezempilo Yomuntu

Iqhaza le-DHA Ekuthuthukisweni Kobuchopho, Ukuqonda, Inkumbulo, kanye Nemizwa Yokuziphatha

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-lobe yangaphambili yobuchopho kuthonywa kakhulu ukunikezwa kwe-DHA(Goustard-Langelie 1999 Lipids), okuthinta ikhono lengqondo, okuhlanganisa ukugxila, ukwenza izinqumo, kanye nemizwelo yomuntu nokuziphatha. Ngakho-ke, ukugcinwa kwamazinga aphezulu e-DHA akubalulekile nje kuphela ekukhuleni kobuchopho ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nenkathi yokuthomba, kodwa futhi kubalulekile ekuqapheleni nasekuziphatheni kwabantu abadala. Ingxenye ye-DHA ebuchosheni bosana ivela ekuqongeleleni kwe-DHA kamama ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, kuyilapho usana oluthatha nsuku zonke lwe-DHA luphindwe izikhathi ezi-5 kunelomuntu omdala.(Bourre, J. Nutr. Health Aging 2006; McNamara et al., Prostaglandins Leukot. Okubalulekile. Amafutha. Ama-Acids 2006). Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthola i-DHA eyanele ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nasebuntwaneni. Kunconywa ukuthi omama bengeze ngo-200 mg we-DHA ngosuku ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nokuncelisa(Koletzko et al., J. Perinat. Med.2008; I-European Food Safety Authority, i-EFSA J. 2010). Ucwaningo oluhlukahlukene lubonise ukuthi ukwesekwa kwe-DHA ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwandisa isisindo sokuzalwa kanye nobude(UMakrides et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2006), kuyilapho kuthuthukisa amakhono okuqonda ebuntwaneni(U-Helland et al., I-Pediatrics 2003).

Ukwengeza nge-DHA ngesikhathi sokuncelisa kuthuthukisa ulimi lokuthinta umzimba(Meldrum et al., Br. J. Nutr. 2012), kuthuthukisa ukukhula kwengqondo yengane, futhi kukhulisa i-IQ(Drover et a l.,Early Hum. Dev.2011; Cohen Am. J. Okwedlule. Med. 2005). Izingane ezenezelwa nge-DHA zibonisa amakhono athuthukisiwe okufunda ulimi namakhono okupela isipelingi(Da lton et a l., Prostaglandins Leukot. Okubalulekile. Amafutha. Ama-Acids 2009).

Nakuba imiphumela yokwengeza i-DHA ngesikhathi sokukhula ingaqinisekile, izifundo phakathi kwentsha eneminyaka ekolishi ziye zabonisa ukuthi ukwengeza i-DHA amasonto amane kungathuthukisa ukufunda nenkumbulo (Karr et al., Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2012). Kubantu abanenkumbulo embi noma abanesizungu, ukwesekwa kwe-DHA kungathuthukisa inkumbulo ye-episodic (Yurko-Mauro et al., PLoS ONE 2015; Jaremka et al., Psychosom. Med. 2014)

Ukwengeza i-DHA kubantu abadala asebekhulile kusiza ukukhulisa amakhono okuqonda kanye nenkumbulo. I-Grey matter, etholakala endaweni engaphandle ye-cortex yobuchopho, isekela imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yengqondo nokuziphatha ebuchosheni, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemizwa nokwazi. Kodwa-ke, ivolumu yento empunga iyehla ngokuya ngeminyaka, futhi ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative nokuvuvukala ohlelweni lwezinzwa kanye namasosha omzimba nakho kuyanda ngokukhula. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukwengeza i-DHA kungakhuphula noma kugcine ivolumu yento empunga futhi kuthuthukise inkumbulo namakhono okuqonda (Weiser et al., 2016 Nutrients).

Njengoba iminyaka ikhula, inkumbulo iyancipha, okungaholela ekuwohlokeni komqondo. Amanye ama-pathologies ebuchosheni nawo angaholela esifweni i-Alzheimer's, uhlobo lokuwohloka komqondo kubantu asebekhulile. Ucwaningo oluningana luphakamisa ukuthi ukwengezwa kwansuku zonke kwama-milligram angu-200 we-DHA kungathuthukisa ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo noma ukuwohloka komqondo. Njengamanje, abukho ubufakazi obucacile bokusetshenziswa kwe-DHA ekwelapheni isifo se-Alzheimer, kodwa imiphumela yokuhlola iphakamisa ukuthi ukwesekwa kwe-DHA kunomphumela othile omuhle ekuvimbeleni isifo se-Alzheimer (Weiser et al., 2016 Nutrients).

I-DHA kanye Nempilo Yamehlo

Ucwaningo lwamagundane luthole ukuthi ukushoda kwe-retina DHA, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenxa yokuhlanganisa noma izizathu zokuthutha, kuhlobene eduze nokukhubazeka kokubona. Iziguli ezinokuwohloka kwe-macular okuhlobene neminyaka, i-retinopathy ehambisana nesifo sikashukela, kanye ne-retinal pigment dystrophies zinamazinga aphansi e-DHA egazini lazo. Nokho, akukacaci ukuthi lokhu kuyimbangela noma umphumela. Izifundo zomtholampilo noma zegundane ezengeza i-DHA noma amanye ama-acid anamafutha e-polyunsaturated ende azikaholeli esiphethweni esicacile (Swinkels and Baes 2023 Pharmacology & Therapeutics). Noma kunjalo, ngenxa yokuthi i-retina inothe ngama-acid amaningi e-polyunsaturated fatty acids, kanti i-DHA iyingxenye eyinhloko, i-DHA ibalulekile empilweni yamehlo evamile yabantu (Swinkels and Baes 2023 Pharmacology & Therapeutics; Li et al., Isayensi Yokudla Nokudla Okunomsoco ).

I-DHA kanye Nempilo Yenhliziyo

Ukunqwabelana kwamafutha e-saturated acids kuyingozi empilweni yenhliziyo, kuyilapho ama-unsaturated fatty acids ezuzisa. Nakuba kunemibiko yokuthi i-DHA ikhuthaza impilo yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, ucwaningo oluningi lubonisa nokuthi imiphumela ye-DHA empilweni yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi ayicacile. Ngokwesilinganiso, i-EPA idlala indima ebalulekile (uSherrat et al., Cardiovasc Res 2024). Noma kunjalo, i-American Heart Association incoma ukuthi iziguli ze-coronary heart disease zengeze nge-1 gram ye-EPA + DHA nsuku zonke (Siscovick et al., 2017, Circulation).