He aha ka DHA?

He ʻakika docosahexaenoic ka DHA, no ka omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Figure 1). No ke aha i kapa ʻia ai he OMEGA-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid? ʻO ka mua, ʻo kāna kaulahao ʻakika momona he 6 mau mea paʻa paʻa ʻole; ʻO ka lua, ʻo OMEGA ka leka Helene 24 a hope loa. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka paʻa pālua unsaturated hope loa i ke kaulahao ʻakika momona ma ke kolu o ke kalapona ʻātoma mai ka hopena methyl, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo OMEGA-3, e lilo ia i OMEGA-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid.

Dka hāʻawi ʻana a me ka mīkini o DHA

ʻOi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o ke kaumaha o ke kumu o ka lolo he lipid, waiwai i ka OMEGA-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, me DHA e noho ana i 90% o OMEGA-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids a me 10-20% o ka nui o nā lipid lolo. ʻO ka EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) a me ka ALA (alpha-linolenic acid) he hapa liʻiliʻi wale nō. ʻO DHA ka mea nui o nā ʻano lipid membrane like ʻole, e like me nā neuronal synapses, endoplasmic reticulum, a me mitochondria. Eia kekahi, pili ka DHA i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hōʻailona me ka membrane cell, ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka neural oxidative, a laila hoʻonohonoho i ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo a me ka hana. No laila, he hana koʻikoʻi ia i ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo, neural transmission, memory, cognition, etc. (Weiser et al., 2016 Nutrients).

ʻO nā pūnaewele photoreceptor i loko o ka ʻāpana photosensitive o ka retina he waiwai nui i nā waikawa momona polyunsaturated, me ka helu DHA ma luna o 50% o nā waikawa momona polyunsaturated (Yeboah et al., 2021 Journal of Lipid Research; Calder, 2016 Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism). ʻO DHA ka mea nui o ka nui unsaturated fatty acids i loko o nā cell photoreceptor, e komo ana i ke kūkulu ʻana i kēia mau cell, a me ka mediating visual signal transduction a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ola o ka cell i pane i ke kaumaha oxidative (Swinkels and Baes 2023 Pharmacology & Therapeutics).

DHA a me ke ola kanaka

ʻO ke kuleana o DHA i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka lolo, ka ʻike, ka hoʻomanaʻo, a me ke ʻano hana

ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka lobe mua o ka lolo e hoʻopili nui ʻia e ka lako DHA(ʻO Goustard-Langelie 1999 Lipid), pili i ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo, e like me ka nānā ʻana, ka hoʻoholo ʻana, a me ka naʻau a me ke ʻano kanaka. No laila, ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ka mālama ʻana i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o DHA no ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo i ka wā o ka hāpai ʻana a me ka wā ʻōpio, akā koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi no ka cognition a me ke ʻano o nā pākeke. ʻO ka hapalua o ka DHA i loko o ka lolo o kahi pēpē mai ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka DHA o ka makuahine i ka wā hāpai, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻai ʻana o DHA i kēlā me kēia lā o kahi pēpē he 5 mau manawa ma mua o ke kanaka makua.(Bourre, J. Nutr. Ola Ola 2006; McNamara et al., Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. momona. Nā ʻakika 2006). No laila he mea nui ka loaʻa ʻana o ka DHA i ka wā hāpai a me ka wā kamaliʻi. Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohui nā makuahine me 200 mg o DHA i kēlā me kēia lā i ka wā hāpai a me ka hānai ʻana(Koletzko et al., J. Perinat. Med.2008; Mana Hoʻomalu Meaʻai ʻEulopa, EFSA J. 2010). Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina like ʻole i ka hoʻonui ʻana o DHA i ka wā hāpai e hoʻonui i ke kaumaha o ka hānau ʻana a me ka lōʻihi(Makrides et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2006), me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hiki cognitive i ka wā kamaliʻi(Helland et al., Pediatrics 2003).

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana me DHA i ka wā hānai e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻōlelo gestural (Meldrum et al., Br. J. Nutr. 2012), hoʻonui i ka ulu ʻana o ka naʻau pēpē, a hoʻonui i ka IQ(Drover et a l.,Early Hum. Dev.2011; Cohen Am. J. Mamua. ʻO Med. 2005). Hōʻike nā keiki i hoʻohui ʻia me DHA i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana i ka ʻōlelo a me nā mākau ʻōlelo(Da lton et a l., Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. momona. Nā ʻakika 2009).

ʻOiai ʻaʻole maopopo ka hopena o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka DHA i ka wā o ke kanaka makua, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ma waena o nā ʻōpio o ke kulanui ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka DHA no ʻehā pule hiki ke hoʻonui i ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻomanaʻo (Karr et al., Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2012). I ka heluna kanaka me ka hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi ʻole a me ka loneliness, hiki i ka DHA supplementation ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻomanaʻo episodic (Yurko-Mauro et al., PLoS ONE 2015; Jaremka et al., Psychosom. Med. 2014)

ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka DHA i ka poʻe ʻelemakule e kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka noʻonoʻo a me ka hiki ke hoʻomanaʻo. ʻO ka mea hina, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o waho o ka cortex lolo, kākoʻo i nā hana cognitive a me nā ʻano hana i loko o ka lolo, a me ka hana o nā manaʻo a me ka ʻike. Eia nō naʻe, e emi ana ka nui o ka mea hina me ka makahiki, a piʻi pū ke koʻikoʻi oxidative a me ka mumū i loko o nā ʻōnaehana hopohopo a me ka pale ʻana i ka makahiki. Hōʻike ka noiʻi e hiki ke hoʻonui a mālama paha i ka nui o ka mea hina a hoʻonui i ka hoʻomanaʻo a me ka noʻonoʻo (Weiser et al., 2016 Nutrients).

Ke piʻi nei ka makahiki, emi ka hoʻomanaʻo, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka dementia. Hiki i nā maʻi lolo ʻē aʻe ke alakaʻi i ka maʻi o Alzheimer, kahi ʻano dementia i ka poʻe ʻelemakule. Hōʻike kekahi mau haʻawina e hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ka naʻauao a i ʻole dementia ka hoʻonui ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā o 200 milligrams o DHA. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe hōʻike maopopo no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka DHA i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi o Alzheimer, akā nā hopena hoʻokolohua e hōʻike ana he hopena maikaʻi ko DHA supplementation i ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi o Alzheimer (Weiser et al., 2016 Nutrients).

DHA a me ke Ola Maka

Ua ʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻiole ʻo ka hemahema o ka retinal DHA, inā ma muli o ka synthesis a i ʻole nā ​​​​kumu lawe lawe, pili pili i ka pōʻino ʻike. ʻO ka poʻe maʻi me ka macular degeneration e pili ana i ka makahiki, ka retinopathy pili i ka maʻi diabetes, a me ka retinal pigment dystrophies he haʻahaʻa DHA i ko lākou koko. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo inā he kumu kēia a he hopena paha. ʻAʻole i alakaʻi ʻia nā haʻawina lāʻau lapaʻau a i ʻole nā ​​​​iole e hoʻohui ana i ka DHA a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻakika momona polyunsaturated lōʻihi i kahi hopena maopopo (Swinkels and Baes 2023 Pharmacology & Therapeutics). Eia nō naʻe, no ka waiwai o ka retina i nā ʻakika momona polyunsaturated lōʻihi, me ka DHA ka mea nui, he mea koʻikoʻi ka DHA no ke olakino maka maʻamau o ke kanaka (Swinkels and Baes 2023 Pharmacology & Therapeutics; Li et al., Food Science & Nutrition. ).

ʻO DHA a me ke ola kino

ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā ʻakika momona saturated he mea pōʻino i ke olakino cardiovascular, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻakika momona unsaturated ka pōmaikaʻi. ʻOiai aia nā hōʻike e hoʻolaha ana ʻo DHA i ke olakino cardiovascular, nui nā haʻawina e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole maopopo ka hopena o DHA i ke olakino cardiovascular. Ma nā ʻōlelo pili, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka EPA (Sherrat et al., Cardiovasc Res 2024). Eia nō naʻe, ʻōlelo ka American Heart Association i nā mea maʻi maʻi naʻau coronary e hoʻohui me 1 gram o EPA + DHA i kēlā me kēia lā (Siscovick et al., 2017, Circulation).